Main Article Content

Authors

Introduction


Depressive disorder is prevalent worldwide, with a particularly high impact in Brazil, where it mainly affects women. While most research on depression focuses on its clinical aspects, there is a scarcity of studies exploring the economic consequences of the disorder.


Objective


This study aims to analyze the effect of depressive disorder on income from work in Brazil in 2008, considering both men and women and how the illness affects them differently.


Methodology


Two dummy endogenous variable models were estimated to assess the impact of depressive disorder on labor income. These models account for the distinct effects of the disorder on men and women, reflecting the varying characteristics of the illness's impact.


Results


The findings indicate that depressive disorder reduces labor income by approximately 32.6% for women and 29.8% for men. This decrease in revenue is attributed to a reduction in individual productivity. Additionally, the illness can reduce labor supply, with some individuals leaving the labor market entirely.


Conclusions


The results highlight the significant economic impact of depressive disorder on labor income in Brazil. The findings suggest the need to incorporate mental health care into primary care public policies to mitigate the financial consequences of the illness.

Bianca Vieira Benedicto, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Master's in Applied Economics.

Laís de Sousa Abreu Soares, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brasil

Master's in Economics.

Evandro Camargos Teixeira, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brasil

PhD in Applied Economics.

Benedicto, B. V., Soares, L. de S. A., & Teixeira, E. C. (2024). Effects of Depressive Disorder on Employment Income in Brazil. Sociedad Y Economía, 1(53), e10713098. https://doi.org/10.25100/sye.v0i53.13098

Alves, A. A. M., & Rodrigues, N. F. R. (2010). Determinantes sociais e econômicos da saúde mental. Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Pública, 28(2), 127-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0870-9025(10)70003-1

Alves, L. F., & Andrade, M. V. (2003). Impactos do estado de saúde sobre os rendimentos individuais no Brasil e em Minas Gerais. Economia Aplicada, 7(2), 359-388. https://doi.org/10.11606/1413-8050/ea220106

Araya, R., Rojas, G., Fritsch, R., Gaete, J., Rojas, M., Simon, G., & Peters, T. J. (2003). Treating depression in primary care in low-income women in Santiago, Chile: A randomized controlled trial. The Lancet, 361(9362), 995-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12825-5

Arbache, J. S. (2002). Unions and the labour market in Brazil. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.308564

Bago, J. L., Ouédraogo, M., Akakpo, K., Lompo, M. L., Soutatié, W. M., & Ouédraogo, E. (2020). Early childhood education and child development: New evidence from Ghana. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104620

Baptista, M. N., & Baptista, A. S. D. (1999). Depressão e gênero: Por que as mulheres deprimem mais que os homens? Temas em Psicologia, 7(2), 143-156. https://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/tp/v7n2/v7n2a05.pdf

Barros, R. P., Foguel, M. N., & Ulyssea, G. (2006). Desigualdade de renda no Brasil: Uma análise da queda recente (Vol. 1). IPEA. https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/3249/1/Desigualdade%20de%20renda%20no%20Brasil%20-%20v.%201.pdf

Berndt, E. R., Finkelstein, S. T., Greenberg, P. E., Howland, R. H., Keith, A., Rush, A. J., Russel, J., & Keller, M. B. (1998). Workplace performance effects from chronic depression and its treatment. Journal of Health Economics, 17(5), 511-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(97)00043-X

Bloom, E. D., & Canning, D. (2003). The health and poverty of nations: From theory to practice. Journal of Human Development, 4(1), 47-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464988032000051487

Boing, A. F., Melo, G. R., Boing, A. C., Moretti-Pires, R. O., Peres, K. G., & Peres, M. A. (2012). Associação entre depressão e doenças crônicas: Um estudo populacional. Revista de Saúde Pública, 46(4), 617-623. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102012005000044

Cai, L., & Kalb, G. (2006). Health status and labour force participation: Evidence from Australia. Health Economics, 15(3), 241-261. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1053

Cunha, R. V., Bastos, G. A. N., & Duca, G. F. (2012). Prevalência de depressão e fatores associados em comunidade de baixa renda de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 15(2), 346-354. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2012000200012

Del Porto, J. A. (1999). Conceito e diagnóstico. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 21, 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44461999000500003

Evans-Lacko, S., & Knapp, M. (2016). Global patterns of workplace productivity for people with depression: Absenteeism and presenteeism costs across eight diverse countries. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(11), 1525-1537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1278-4

Ferreira, S. N. D., Oliveira, J. B. de, Manoel, A. C. N. M., & Teixeira, E. C. (2022). Efeito do transtorno depressivo no acesso feminino ao ensino superior brasileiro. Economia & Região, 10(1), 5-25. https://doi.org/10.5433/2317-627X.2022v10n1p5

Garcia, E. G. (2016). Estado de saúde e seus efeitos sobre rendimentos do trabalho (master's thesis). Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brasil. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/bitstream/ufjf/2236/1/esthergrizendegarcia.pdf

Garen, J. (1984). The returns to schooling: A selectivity bias approach with a continuous choice variable. Econometrica, 52(5), 1199-1218. https://doi.org/10.2307/1910996

Germinario, G., Amin, V., Flores, C. A., & Flores-Lagunes, A. (2022). What can we learn about the effect of mental health on labor market outcomes under weak assumptions? Evidence from the NLSY79. Labour Economics, 79, 102258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102258

Grossman, M. (1972). On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. Journal of Political Economy, 80(2), 223-255. https://doi.org/10.1086/259880

Guimarães, P. S. (2013). Características dos trabalhadores e seus retornos salariais: Um estudo do mercado de trabalho brasileiro para o ano de 2011 (undergraduate thesis). Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil.

Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827

Heckman, J. J. (1978). Dummy endogenous variables in a simultaneous equation system. Econometrica, 46(4), 931-959. https://doi.org/10.2307/1909757

IBGE –Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística–. (1998). Pesquisa nacional por amostra e domicilio (PNAD). https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao/9127-pesquisa-nacional-por-amostra-de-domicilios.html?edicao=18338&t=microdados

IBGE –Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística–. (2008). Pesquisa nacional por amostra e domicilio (PNAD). https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao/9127-pesquisa-nacional-por-amostra-de-domicilios.html?edicao=18338&t=microdados

Justo, L. P., & Calil, H. M. (2006). Depressão: O mesmo acometimento para homens e mulheres? Revista de Psiquiatría Clínica, 33(2), 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832006000200007

Lerner, D., Adler, D. A., Chang, H., Lapitsky, L., Hood, M. Y., Perissinotto, C., Reed, J., Mclaughlin, T. J., Berndt, E. R., & Rogers, W. H. (2004). Unemployment, job retention and productivity loss among employees with depression. Psychiatric Services, 55(12), 1371-1378. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.12.1371

Mincer, J. A. (1974). Schooling, experience, and earnings. NBER. https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c1765/c1765.pdf

Peng, L., Meyerhoefer, D. C., & Zuvekas, H. S. (2013). The effect of depression on labor market outcomes. NBER. https://doi.org/10.3386/w19451

Santos, M. J., & Kassouf, A. L. (2007). Uma investigação dos determinantes socioeconômicos da depressão mental no Brasil com ênfase nos efeitos da educação. Economia Aplicada, 11(1), 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-80502007000100001

Senna, J. J. (1976). Escolaridade, experiência no trabalho e salários no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Economia, 30, 163-194.

Stock, J. H., & Yogo, M. (2005). Testing for weak instruments in linear IV regression. In D. W. K. Andrews & J. H. Stock (Eds.), Identification and inference for econometric models (pp. 80-108). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614491.006

Teng, T. C., Humes, C. E., & Demetrio, N. F. (2005). Depressão e comorbidades clínicas. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry, 32(3), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832005000300007

Ulyssea, G. (2006). Informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro: Uma resenha da literatura. Revista de Economia Política, 26(4), 596-618. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31572006000400008

Wang, B., Frank, R. G., & Glied, S. A. (2022). Lasting scars: The impact of depression in early adulthood on subsequent labor markets outcomes. NBER. https://doi.org/10.3386/w30776

Wang, P. S., Simon, G., & Kessler, R. C. (2003). The economic burden of depression and the cost-effectiveness of treatment. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 12(1), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.139

Weehuizen, R. M. (2008). Mental capital: The economic significance of mental health (doctoral thesis). Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20080627rw

WHO –World Health Organization–. (2001). Relatório mundial da saúde 2001. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/42390/WHR_2001_por.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y

WHO –World Health Organization–. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. WHO.

WHO –World Health Organization–. (2023). Depressive disorder (depression). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press.