The journal Sociedad y Economía is a Latin American publication aimed at researchers who are interested in the understanding of social dynamics and economic processes. To this end, its pages publish academic articles in the fields of economics, sociology and, in general, the social sciences.
Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Económicas
Revista sociedad y economía editada por la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Económicas de la Universidad del Valle se encuentra bajo una Licencia Internacional Creative Commons Atribución - No comercial 4.0 Basada en una obra en http://sociedadyeconomia.univalle.edu.co
Care as a Fundamental Right: An Urgent Vindication as a Historical Correction Affecting Mainly Women
In the evolution of Colombian constitutional law, the concept of care has gained relevance by linking fundamental rights with public welfare policies. The jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and legislative advances have recognized it as essential to guarantee rights such as health, education, pension, equality, non-discrimination and human dignity. This study analyzes, from a jurisprudential line and the Colombian regulatory framework, how care has been configured since the creation of the Constitutional Court, first as a human right and then as a fundamental right. It also examines the co-responsible obligations between family, State and society in order to make visible their implications and transformations.
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Intersectional Analysis of the Care Economy in Bogotá: Territorial Inequalities and Local Needs
The care economy is a fundamental pillar of social well-being, but its distribution in Bogotá shows significant territorial inequalities. This study analyzes how the demand for care varies across the city according to the geographic distribution and socioeconomic conditions of each locality, considering factors such as gender-based violence, generational change, education, household income, female poverty, and access to the Manzanas del Cuidado. From an intersectional approach, a descriptive statistical analysis is conducted by locality using sources such as the Multipurpose Survey and administrative records from DANE. The results reveal a strong heterogeneity in the supply and demand for care, as well as gender inequality in the labor market, particularly in terms of paid and unpaid work, affecting low-income and vulnerable localities the most. This analysis serves as a key input for the formulation of public policies aimed at developing an efficient and comprehensive District Care System.
The Care Apples and Their Implications on the Lifestyles of Women Caregivers in Bogotá, Colombia
The purpose of this manuscript is to identify the implications of care apples on the lifestyles of women caregivers in Bogotá, Colombia. Since their implementation (2020-2024), the care apples have developed an infrastructure of social services and essential care at the district level, targeting women from all socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, this manuscript seeks to answer the following question: What have been the implications of care apples on the lifestyles of women caregivers in Bogotá, Colombia? To address this question, a qualitative approach was adopted, along with research techniques typical of this approach, particularly the structured interview. Among the main conclusions is the self-recognition, visibility, and integration of care work—traditionally performed by women—as a mechanism for reducing gender inequalities and poverty.
cuidados; mujeres; organización social; desigualdades de género, pobreza
Care Needs and Family Care for Older Persons in Brazil
Introduction With populations aging and associated fiscal pressures, care provision has become an important issue in economics and policy. However, our understanding of care provision and care gaps still has important limitations. Effective policy formulation is not possible, and continued reliance on family care limits women’s employment options, perpetuating social and gender inequalities. Objective We use the 2019 National Health Survey to identify care needs and family care loads in Brazil, extending earlier work and contributing to current debates about care policy in Brazil and Latin America. Methodology We describe how much help Brazilians over 60 years need with activities of daily living and develop first estimates of the time required for this care. We use an OLS regression to identify the characteristics of individuals who need more help and measure the availability of family members to meet these needs. Results Of the approximately 20% of Brazilians over 60 years who report difficulty with at least one ADL, around 25% would require more than 10 hours a week of assistance. Those needing more assistance are likely to be older, urban women living in a house (as opposed to an apartment), not in the highest income quartile, and living with more adults, more non- working adults, and more non-working women. Conclusions For many working women in care-needing households without non-working women, care loads are very significant. In the context of discussions about Brazil’s National Care Plan, these findings highlight the costs of family care and show that state policy is needed to complement family car.
Transformations, Contradictions and Paradoxes of the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape: A Literature Review
This review article constructs a state-of-the-art perspective on the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia (CCLC), enabling us to uncover patterns of knowledge, methodological approaches, and gaps in the literature. The selected sources for compilation were WoS, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and Redalyc. We identified fifty-four articles from 2007 to 2021. The content was organized into an analysis matrix and bibliographic sheets for each document, followed by a content analysis. We found that, firstly, the researchers proposed changes in relation to the CCLC; secondly, there were arguments that contradicted the authors or were opposed to reality; and finally, there were elements that seemed to lack logic in the established frameworks for action. We conclude with the need to rethink the relationships between institutions and social actors of the CCLC, strengthen the methodological frameworks of research, and generate solutions for the sustainability of heritage.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sociedad y Economía http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Foto ganadora Concurso "Arte & Ciencia" 2024
The Urban and Rural Cadastre of Valle del Cauca, 1919
This article brings to light the 1919 Urban and Rural Cadastre of Valle del Cauca, an unpublished document recently discovered in the Central Archive of the Governorship of Valle del Cauca. To analyze this histori cadastre, this article first described some key elements regarding the heuristics of its documentary typology and the main features of the Government written performance. Secondly, it presents a general overview of the urban and rural issues presented in light of its data. Finally, it gives a detailed transcription of the entire document, including the number of owners, building materials and specifications, type of crops, and number of farming land, etc.
Wage Profile and Gender Gap in Science and Technology: Regional Disparities in Brazil
Introduction Economies with a strong STEM component tend to show better economic indicators and perform better in terms of innovation and job creation. However, little is known about wage distribution in STEM in Brazil and how it varies by gender and region. Objective This article aims to investigate the regional distribution and wage premium of the Brazilian STEM workforce, with a specific focus on gender disparities between STEM and non-STEM fields. Methodology Using microdata from the Annual Social Information Report (RAIS), we apply an econometric model that adapts the Oaxaca-Ransom wage decomposition. Results The STEM workforce represents 1.8% of the formal labor market and is unevenly distributed: the highest concentration is in the Southeast, and the lowest in the North and Northeast. Gender gaps in STEM vary by region, being smaller in core STEM areas and larger in those with higher female representation. Moreover, wage premiums are higher in the South than in the North. Conclusion Our findings highlight the geographical distribution of STEM employment across Brazilian regions and the regional differences in fields of knowledge. We observe that men receive higher wage premium than women across a broader range of activities.
Trends and State of Research on Tourist Routes. A Bibliometric and Narrative Analysis of Literature
Tourist routes are one of the essential elements in the world of tourism. From historical and cultural itineraries to adventure routes and ecotourism, each route offers a series of attractions that allow travelers to discover new destinations and enjoy exciting activities. Despite the extensive literature, offerings, and documentation on tourist routes, there is a lack of comprehensive and up-to-date bibliometric studies that account for the intellectual structure of knowledge and research trends through the use of data analytics tools. The methodology employed used 407 documents available in the Web of Science and Scopus databases to develop a scientific mapping and construct a theoretical framework, in the form of a literary narrative, based on the Tree of Science algorithm. Among the main findings are the research trends in tourist routes, identifying three thematic clusters related to tourism planning, sustainable tourism, and cultural tourism.
From Deindustrialization to the Tertiarization of the Colombian Economy: Employment as the Main Loser
This article examines the process of deindustrialization in Colombia from the second half of the twentieth century to the present and its impact on employment. Using long-term time series, we analyze the impact of national income on real sectoral value added and job creation. The empirical evidence shows a greater dynamism of the commerce and services sector compared to manufacturing industries; however, in terms of job generation, the impact of industry is notably higher. The econometric models used indicate that if the value added of commerce and services increases by one percentage point, employment will increase by 0.44%, while if the value added of manufacturing industries increases by one percentage point, employment will increase by 0.71%. In sum, the progressive deindustrialization and its counterpart, the tertiarization of the colombian economy, explain the lower dynamism in the creation of job opportunities.
Employment; economic structure; industrial productivity; manufacturing industry; tertiary sector.
Short-term effects of COVID-19 on income distribution in Colombia's five major cities
We analyzed changes in household income distribution across the five major Colombian cities from 2018 to 2021 using micro data from GEIH and the nonparametric Relative Distribution Method (RDM). We examine the relative income distributions and polarization indices for four intervals: 2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2020-2021, and 2018-2021. Results show that in Bogota, Medellin, Cali, and Barranquilla, household income polarization increased in 2018-2019, decreased in 2019-2020, and increased again for 2020-2021. In Medellin, in all periods, there was income polarization. In the first period, Bucaramanga exhibits a reduction in polarization and, in the other periods, an increase. For the whole period (2018-2021) in Bucaramanga, Medellin, Cali, and Bogota, polarization and Barranquilla polarization decreased. This study contributes to the literature in at least two aspects. For the first time, it employs the MDR to study changes in income distributions at the municipal level. And second, it generates evidence of what happened with the distribution of household income during the pandemic period.
The Relationship Between Financial Development and Brazilian GDP per Capita
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between financial development (measured in terms of the evolution of financial institutions) and GDP per capita in Brazil (a representative measure of the average income of the Brazilian population). The most suitable method for data operationalization was the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. A long-term relationship between the model's variables was identified through the confirmation of cointegration. Specifically, in the long term, all variables demonstrated statistical significance. Access to financial institutions returned a negative value; however, the variables of financial depth and efficiency of financial institutions were positively related. In the short term, only the financial depth variable showed statistical significance, but with a sign opposite to that found in the long term. In summary, the findings underscore the importance of financial development in promoting the average income of the Brazilian population.
Tensions and Agreements in Global Times in the Religious Field of Manizales, Colombia
Introduction Religious pluralism became more prominent in Manizales during the 1990s, leading to the loss of the Catholic Church's monopoly on symbolic goods of salvation. Objective This article aims to conceptualize the tensions and agreements that emerged in the religious field of the city between 2010 and 2022. Methodology The research was carried out using a qualitative approach, employing secondary historical sources that first allowed for a historical characterization of the field. Subsequently, a review of the La Patria newspaper from the specified period was conducted. For data analysis, discourse analysis was used, with the understanding that religious dispositions are expressed through gestures, words, meanings, and interpretations, which are the central components of discourse. Results The results indicated that, in recent times, the religious field of Manizales has experienced contradictions between newly arrived religious groups and the Catholic Church. These tensions have manifested in forms of cultural, direct, and structural violence, according to Galtung's theory. Conclusions It is concluded that, during the study period, the struggle for the monopoly on symbolic goods of salvation has intensified, which has created a need for legal regulations and pedagogical actions by the local state to promote religious pluralism.
Systematic Review on the Impact of Venezuelan Migration in Colombia: Analysis of Socioeconomic Consequences (2016-2023)
This article provides a comprehensive compilation of information published between 2018 and 2023 regarding the socio-economic impacts generated in Colombia due to the extensive Venezuelan migration, which peaked between 2016 and 2019. Employing the PRISMA method and considering the WOS and SCOPUS databases, 39 relevant articles were identified and analyzed. From these, the systematic review revealed significant data regarding key consequences, with a primary focus on health, education, security, and the Colombian economy. This stems from the fact that the majority of examined articles address these social and cultural aspects, offering a comprehensive insight into the challenges and opportunities arising in the context of Venezuelan migration in Colombia.
Perception of Climate Change Adaptation in Black Agricultural Communities of Santa Cecilia, Risaralda, Colombia
Introduction Climate change affects agricultural production systems by altering rainfall patterns. In rural areas of Colombia, increased rainfall and temperature cause damage to crops due to water stress, and the arrival of pests and diseases. In this collective territory, agriculture is the basis of subsistence and ancestral activity where communities adapt to environmental conditions through spontaneous practices. Objective The purpose of this work was to understand farmers' perception of climate change, in relation to the impact on agriculture and ancestral practices of the Black communities of Santa Cecilia, municipality of Pueblo Rico, Risaralda, period 1991-2021. Methodology The methodology was qualitative descriptive. Twenty-six interviews were carried out with farmers, and with different agro-productive associations in the collective territory. Results The results indicated that through Law 70 of 1993, community councils were created in the national territory, recognizing ethnic and cultural communities; as well as their association and participation in decision-making to counteract the impact of climate change on agriculture and its solidarity economy. Conclusions Among the conclusions, we can say that the links between communities and the natural environment have allowed the adaptation of crops with practices that favor biodiversity, such as the diversification of crops on the same land together with native herbaceous and forest species, and the use of extracts based on native plants for phytosanitary control.
When care transcends the human: Afrodescendant women and their defense of common goods in Bocas del Palo community council
This paper reports on the struggle of women from the Afro-descendant community at Bocas del Palo Council (Jamundí, Colombia) in a context of deep inequalities and injustice. From the perspective of the ethics of care and socio-ecological justice, we explore herein how these women have developed resistance against environmental conflicts and, how through their worldviews and community organization, they have safeguarded both their community’s well-being and the natural environment. By combining qualitative and spatial methods, this study shows that their leadership has fostered alternative approaches to territorial management by integrating care for nature as a central dimension of justice and gender struggles. The findings also reveal how the actions of the community council have contributed to ecosystem conservation and have established an alternative strategy for defending and managing common goods in a territory marked by severe environmental conflicts.
Childcare in the Central Region of Argentina: An Analysis of Gender and Socioeconomic Inequalities
This article aims to analyze child care home configuration in the central region of the country, based on the intersection of socioeconomic and gender inequalities. Some of the main results of a research carried out within the framework of a master's thesis are presented and some decisions of the research process are recovered in a methodological-feminist reflexivity key. It is assumed a quantitative methodological approach, and data available from the National Survey of Social Structure were used. The work accounts for the primacy of two home models that have different forms of provision and generate disparate conditions of possibility to organize care. Likewise, the persistent maternalization of child care in the region and a tendency towards commodification in early childhood are recognized. In summary, divergent ways of caring for children are recognized based on the gender who leads the home, and therefore the type of provision they have, the socioeconomic level and the age of the children.
Gaps in Participation in Unpaid Care Work: The Case of Colombia
Introduction In Colombia, wide gender gaps persist in the distribu- tion of time, although evidence at the departmental le- vel remains limited. Objective This article conducts a subnational analysis, estimating gender differences in participation in unpaid care work (UCW) across departments and identifying the demo- graphic, educational, and household factors associated with such participation. Methodology Using microdata from the 2022 GEIH (Other Forms of Work module), probabilistic models with departmental fixed effects, interactions, and controls for age, mi- gration, education, marital status, ethnic self-identifi- cation, and household characteristics were estimated. Predicted probabilities and marginal effects are presen- ted. Results Findings show that 92% of women engage in UCW ac- tivities, compared to 64% of men. The model confirms higher female participation probabilities in all depart- ments, with particularly wide gaps in San Andrés and Providencia (~50 percentage points) and significant differences in Cesar, Sucre, and Bolívar. These dispari- ties tend to narrow with higher educational levels but remain large among Afro-descendant and Indigenous populations, as well as among individuals with a migra- tory condition. Conclusions UCW disproportionately falls on women, with marked territorial heterogeneity. Therefore, care policies must adopt territorial, gender, and intercultural approaches, aligned with the National Care System and accompa- nied by strategies of shared responsibility, service pro- vision, and the right to time, in order to reduce these gaps and expand opportunities for well-being.
Teaching and Unpaid Care Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo conocer las experiencias de mujeres que son madres y ejercieron la docencia en la ciudad de Rosario (Argentina) durante el aislamiento social, preventivo y obligatorio, centrándonos en las preocupaciones y tensiones acontecidas en torno al trabajo de cuidados no remunerado. Para ello, se utiliza un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, a partir de la recolección y análisis de relatos escritos por docentes que dieron clases desde el hogar en el año 2020. Los mismos dieron cuenta de la superposición de tiempos y espacios entre el trabajo docente y las funciones de cuidado, la interrupción constante de los/as hijos/as a cargo en las clases virtuales, entre otras cuestiones relevantes. Con un marco teórico anclado en los estudios de género, las conclusiones principales indican que el trabajo docente en el hogar genera una sobrecarga e intensificación laboral específica en las docentes que son madres.
Social Protection Without Borders: Latin American Challenges in the Reform of the International Financial Architecture
Introduction Amid the multiple crises the world is currently facing, an increase in migration linked to global care chains– largely led by women–is expected. In this context, it becomes urgent to debate the implementation and financing of transnational social protection policies. Objective This article proposes an integrated approach to the implementation of transnational social protection policies, in parallel with the reform of the international financial architecture, in order to create the fiscal space required to finance such policies. Methodology The article is based on a literature review of ongoing international debates and agreements. Results Global care chains have enabled high-income countries to reduce the costs associated with social reproduction and care work, without ensuring job quality or social protection, either during working life or in retirement. The reform of the international financial architecture, in terms of both international taxation and debt, aims to expand fiscal space. Conclusions From an ethics of care perspective and in line with the universal principles of human rights, this study argues for a collective and global responsibility in the distribution of the costs of social reproduction and care. Therefore, current debates must be able to integrate both processes—the design and implementation of transnational social protection policies and the reform of the international financial architecture—highlighting their interdependencies and the need for coordinated approaches from a feminist and Latin American perspective.
Exploratory Analysis of Unemployment Heterogeneity in the Department of Antioquia, Colombia
Introduction The labor market in Antioquia exhibits significant disparities among its municipalities, linked to income, education, infrastructure, and unemployment. This study analyzes these inequalities from a center-periphery perspective, highlighting the Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá as the privileged center in contrast to other subregions. Objective To explore the heterogeneity of unemployment in Antioquia and understand labor market disparities using advanced statistical techniques. Methodology Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) and cluster analysis were employed. The MFA synthesized 2019 data related to demographics, education, wages, and labor market indicators from the department’s 125 municipalities, while cluster analysis grouped the municipalities based on similar characteristics. Results The factorial analysis revealed three main dimensions: Human capital (47.73% of the variance), dominated by variables related to education, internet access, and wages, with municipalities such as Medellín and Envigado standing out for their high educational and economic indicators. Demographic configuration (11.41%), linked to factors such as population distribution and the proportion of Afro-descendant population, where high unemployment rates are observed. Intra-departmental migration and social vulnerability, which jointly explain an additional 11.63%, reflecting migration toward economic centers and labor challenges in peripheral regions. The cluster analysis identified four groups of municipalities with marked regional inequalities. Conclusions The study reflects a development model concentrated in the center of the department, perpetuating disparities in the peripheries. Factors such as mismatches between labor supply and demand, and lack of access to essential services, call for inclusive strategies that prioritize infrastructure, education, and employment in the most vulnerable regions.
Popular Markets as Spaces for the Development of Sociocultural Processes in the Americas
Introduction Popular or central markets in Latin America are fundamental settings for the commercial exchange of goods and services. Moreover, they serve as spaces for the preservation and transmission of traditional and folkloric knowledge and practices, hosting a wide array of cultural heritage expressions. Objective This research-creation project seeks to recognize the cultural value of these settings through the various categories of goods and expressions present, considering the influence of social, geographical, and human factors inherent to their cultural nature. Methodology The research-creation project is developed through direct experience, photographic exploration, bibliographic review, and a taxonomic approach to the products and practices found in these spaces. Photography is employed as a tool for both data collection and visual creation. Results Through a series of phases, it was possible to identify unifying and differentiating factors among several markets in the northern, central, and southern regions of the Americas. A taxonomy of the goods and practices present was established, revealing a set of social, multicultural, and intercultural processes materialized in the various elements housed within these spaces. Conclusiones The observation, documentation, and classification of the goods and practices present in popular markets allow for the identification of multiple multicultural and intercultural processes, acknowledging the value of these spaces as sites of memory and repositories of knowledge.
Community Environmental Education and Environmentally Sustainable Mining in Chaparral, Tolima, Colombia
Introduction Understanding the social, environmental, and regulatory context is essential when addressing subsistence gold mining. This activity can serve as a source of economic sustainability for some communities, yet it can become highly polluting if not carried out in accordance with environmental authority guidelines. In this regard, associativity among miners becomes a key element for achieving sustainable mining practices. Objective The study aimed to identify the influence of subsistence miners’ participation in community environmental education processes in order to promote environmentally sustainable mining. Methodology The research adopted a quantitative and deductive approach, developed in two phases: one descriptive and the other explanatory. Participants included subsistence miners from the Asociación de Mineros Artesanales del Tolima, in the municipality of Chaparral. Results The findings revealed that miners possess knowledge, practices, and traditions that support the implementation of good mining practices. They also value and make use of participatory spaces focused on community environmental education and the formalization of mining activities. Conclusions Knowledge of and proper compliance with environmental laws are essential to ensure community well-being and environmental protection. This knowledge has been strengthened through the support, guidance, and monitoring provided by the Asociación de Mineros Artesanales del Tolima, which has contributed to the adoption of good mining practices and greater sustainability in the activity.
Tenant Households and Housing-Induced Poverty in Argentina
Introduction In Argentina, nearly half of tenant households allocate more than 30% of their income to housing-related expenses. However, this measure does not account for the cost of other equally essential needs. Objective To estimate the extent of the rental housing affordability crisis in Argentina during 2017-2018 using a residual income approach, taking the poverty line as a reference. Methodology Using data from the 2017–2018 National Household Expenditure Survey and the poverty line, percentages of tenant households experiencing housing-induced poverty are estimated based on various sociodemographic characteristics and compared to those obtained using the 30% threshold. Subsequently, multivariate logistic regression analyses are conducted to identify which of these characteristics are associated with a higher probability of experiencing financial overburden from a residual income perspective. Results The percentages of households with housing-induced poverty are similar to those estimated using the 30% threshold but show a significantly different distribution according to the sociodemographic composition of households. Tenant households with greater economic dependency, mainly those with children, and/or headed by young individuals, with low education attainment and in low-skilled jobs, are more likely to face affordability problems. Conclusions A residual income approach enables a more accurate analysis of the constraints faced by tenant households by highlighting poverty resulting from housing cost burdens, especially due to high rental costs.
Effects of Depressive Disorder on Employment Income in Brazil
Introduction Depressive disorder is prevalent worldwide, with a particularly high impact in Brazil, where it mainly affects women. While most research on depression focuses on its clinical aspects, there is a scarcity of studies exploring the economic consequences of the disorder. Objective This study aims to analyze the effect of depressive disorder on income from work in Brazil in 2008, considering both men and women and how the illness affects them differently. Methodology Two dummy endogenous variable models were estimated to assess the impact of depressive disorder on labor income. These models account for the distinct effects of the disorder on men and women, reflecting the varying characteristics of the illness's impact. Results The findings indicate that depressive disorder reduces labor income by approximately 32.6% for women and 29.8% for men. This decrease in revenue is attributed to a reduction in individual productivity. Additionally, the illness can reduce labor supply, with some individuals leaving the labor market entirely. Conclusions The results highlight the significant economic impact of depressive disorder on labor income in Brazil. The findings suggest the need to incorporate mental health care into primary care public policies to mitigate the financial consequences of the illness.
Overeducation Among University Graduates in STEM Fields in Peru
Introduction Investment in STEM education and its relationship with salary returns is inconsistent, highlighting the need to study the characteristics and effects of the mismatch between these two variables. Objective To identify the factors that explain the mismatch between education and employment among university graduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, as well as its effects on wages. Methodology The study used data from Peru’s 2014 National Survey of University Graduates and Universities, measuring mismatch through the self-assessment method. A Partial Generalized Ordered Logit Model was applied to analyze the determinants associated with mild and severe mismatch levels, with emphasis on the latter. Additionally, wage penalties associated with mismatch were estimated using the Propensity Score Matching technique. Results The findings show that 69% of STEM graduates experience employment mismatch, one of the highest rates in Latin America and higher than those reported in developed countries. Conclusions The main determinants of severe mismatch are the graduates’ personal characteristics, origin, and educational trajectory. The wage penalty for mismatched STEM graduates was approximately 24% compared to those adequately employed, exceeding the penalties observed in Europe, Asia, and North America.
Reseña. Mujeres al oriente de Cali: desigualdades al descubierto
How to measure, compare and evaluate electricity billing policies: towards an Indicator of tariff fairness and reasonableness
Since basic energy services are increasingly considered with greater certainty as instruments of the right to energy, the tariff principle of fairness and reasonableness is an element that will allow measuring the degree of balance in each energy service regime. The challenge, then, is to generate an indicator that serves as a reference, and that is the main objective of this article. For this purpose, first, the presentation of a particular electricity regime, the Argentinean one, is addressed, and then the mechanics of operationalization of the concept of “fairness and reasonableness” to the Tariff Fairness and Reasonableness Indicator is discussed. Then, the mathematical formulation of the indicator is presented with a breakdown of how each variable is calculated, including the weighted factor. Finally, conclusions on this first attempt to measure the energy services tariff policy and projections on how to further refine the measurement instrument are presented.
Italian Immigrants in the Corrientes Elite: Marriages in the City of Corrientes (1831-1914)
Este artículo propone, en primer lugar, estudiar las pautas matrimoniales de los inmigrantes oriundos de la península itálica, establecidos en la ciudad de Corrientes, a partir del análisis de actas matrimoniales, religiosas y civiles. En segundo lugar, aborda las uniones de aquellos peninsulares que se integraron a la élite correntina. Con estos objetivos se consultan, además de las actas mencionadas, fuentes documentales como expedientes administrativos y protocolos notariales. La sociedad correntina, y particularmente la élite, se mostraron permeables al ingreso de peninsulares a sus familias y propiciaron uniones de sus mujeres con los hombres foráneos más prósperos, aunque el matrimonio no significase la única vía de ingreso a la alta sociedad.
matrimonio; italiano; élite; integración
The 1971 Student Movement from the Division of Social and Economic Sciences at Universidad del Valle
The article describes events that took place within the Division of Social and Economic Sciences at Universidad del Valle between 1970 and 1971, documented through texts found in the Historical Archive of Universidad del Valle, produced by the protagonists themselves: administrators and students of the academic unit. These events are connected to the broader student mobilization of the time, which is recognized as one of the most significant in the history of the student movement in Colombia due to its political impact and the use of violence by the state. The article contributes to the recovery of the local and academic dimension within the context of student unrest, which was rooted in the limited institutional and intellectual development of the academic unit. This perspective makes it possible to challenge the dominant national political narrative that was imposed at the time.