Sociedad y Economía

The student movement of 1971 from the Division of Social and Economic Sciences of the Universidad del Valle

2024-11-14T10:13:36-05:00

The article describes events that took place in the Division of Social and Economic Sciences of the Universidad del Valle between 1970 and 1971, which are documented thanks to texts found in the Historical Archive of the Universidad del Valle, produced by the protagonists of the events: director and students of the academic unit. These events are connected to the student mobilization of the time, which is recognized as one of the most relevant in the history of the student movement in Colombia due to its political impact and use of violence by the State. The article contributes to the recovery of the local and academic component within the student unrest referred to the poor institutional and intellectual development in the academic unit, allowing us to confront the political reading that was imposed at the national level.

Marriages and socioeconomic alliances between german migrants and the elite of Bucaramanga (1857-1886)

2024-11-14T10:13:33-05:00

The article analyzes how the German community established in Bucaramanga in the second half of the 19th century resorted to marriage to cement socioeconomic ties with local elites and secure commercial and political interests. This procedure was mediated by the dispensations of disparity of cults, taking into account the Protestant affiliations of the Germans living in Bucaramanga. Parish sources and official sources were used, especially from the Claims Fund of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the prosopographic method was used to make inferences about the data and construct a historical representation from a microhistorical perspective. Marriage became a mechanism to unite social groups in which political and economic interests prevailed, both on the part of Germans and local families who sought a way to become related to foreigners to strengthen their businesses.

Exploratory Analysis of Unemployment Heterogeneity in the Department of Antioquia, Colombia

2023-06-15T15:16:08-05:00

Introduction

The labor market in Antioquia exhibits significant disparities across its municipalities, related to income, education, infrastructure, and unemployment. This study examines these inequalities through a center-periphery perspective, highlighting the Aburrá Valley Metropolitan Area as the privileged center compared to other subregions.

Objective

To explore the heterogeneity of unemployment in Antioquia and understand labor market disparities using advanced statistical techniques.

Methodology

Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) and cluster analysis were employed. The MFA synthesized 2019 data on demographics, education, wages, and labor market characteristics across the department’s 125 municipalities, while the cluster analysis grouped municipalities based on similar attributes.

Results

The factor analysis revealed three principal dimensions:

1. Human capital (47.73% of variance): Dominated by variables related to education, internet access, and wages, with municipalities like Medellín and Envigado standing out for their high educational and economic indicators.

2. Demographic configuration (11.41%): Linked to factors such as population distribution and Afro-descendant population, associated with high unemployment rates.

3. Intradepartmental migration and social vulnerability jointly explain an additional 11.63%, reflecting migration toward economic centers and labor challenges in peripheral regions.

The cluster analysis identified four groups of municipalities, highlighting pronounced regional inequalities.

Conclusions

The study reflects a development model concentrated in the department’s central region, perpetuating inequalities in peripheral areas. Factors such as mismatched labor supply and demand and limited access to essential services call for inclusive strategies prioritizing infrastructure, education, and employment in the most vulnerable regions.

Popular Markets as Environments for the Development of Sociocultural Processes in the American Continent

2023-02-28T13:20:41-05:00

Introduction

Popular or central markets across the continent, particularly in the Latin American context, serve as spaces for the commercial exchange of goods and services. Moreover, they act as repositories for the preservation and transmission of traditional and folkloric knowledge and practices, hosting diverse expressions of cultural heritage.

Objective

This research-creation exercise aims to recognize the cultural value of these spaces by analyzing the various categories of products and expressions present within them. The study considers the influence of social, geographical, and human factors intrinsic to their cultural nature.

Methodology

This research-creation project is developed through direct experience, photographic exploration, literature review, and a taxonomic approach to the products and practices found in these spaces. Photography is employed as a tool for gathering information and creating visual narratives.

Results

Through a series of phases or stages, it has been possible to identify unifying and differentiating factors among markets in the northern, central, and southern regions of the Americas. A taxonomy of the products and practices present in these markets has been established, highlighting a range of social, multicultural, and intercultural processes, which are materialized through the various elements these spaces encompass.

Conclusions

The observation, recording, and classification of products and practices present in the popular market allow for the identification of a series of multicultural and intercultural processes, thus recognizing the value of these spaces as places of memory and the preservation of knowledge.

Community Environmental Education and Environmentally Sustainable Mining in Chaparral, Tolima, Colombia

2023-04-28T20:12:21-05:00

Introduction

Understanding the social, environmental, and regulatory context is crucial when addressing subsistence gold mining. This activity can provide economic sustainability to certain communities but becomes a source of pollution if not conducted under the guidance of environmental authorities. In this context, the association among miners emerges as a key element for achieving sustainable mining practices.

Objective

This study aimed to identify the influence of subsistence miners' participation in community environmental education to promote environmentally sustainable mining.

Methodology

The research followed a quantitative and deductive approach, conducted in two phases: descriptive and explanatory. It involved the participation of subsistence miners who are members of the Asociación de Mineros Artesanales del Tolima, located in the municipality of Chaparral.

Results

The findings revealed that miners possess knowledge, practices, and traditions that support the implementation of good mining practices. Moreover, they value and take advantage of participatory spaces focused on community environmental education and the processes of mining legalization.

Conclusions

Understanding environmental laws and their proper implementation is essential to ensure community well-being and environmental protection. This knowledge has been strengthened through the support, guidance, and monitoring provided by the Asociación de Mineros Artesanales del Tolima, resulting in the adoption of good mining practices and increased sustainability in their activities.

Tenant Households and Housing-Induced Poverty in Argentina

2024-03-07T11:19:19-05:00

Introduction

In Argentina, nearly half of tenant households allocate more than 30% of their income to housing-related expenses. However, this measure does not account for the cost of other equally essential needs.

Objective

To estimate the extent of the rental housing affordability crisis in Argentina during 2017-2018 using a residual income approach, taking the poverty line as a reference.

Methodology

Using data from the 2017–2018 National Household Expenditure Survey and the poverty line, percentages of tenant households experiencing housing-induced poverty are estimated based on various sociodemographic characteristics and compared to those obtained using the 30% threshold. Subsequently, multivariate logistic regression analyses are conducted to identify which of these characteristics are associated with a higher probability of experiencing financial overburden from a residual income perspective.

Results

The percentages of households with housing-induced poverty are similar to those estimated using the 30% threshold but show a significantly different distribution according to the sociodemographic composition of households. Tenant households with greater economic dependency, mainly those with children, and/ or headed by young individuals, with low education attainment and in low-skilled jobs, are more likely to face affordability problems.

Conclusions

A residual income approach enables a more accurate analysis of the constraints faced by tenant households by highlighting poverty resulting from housing cost burdens, especially due to high rental costs.

Effects of Depressive Disorder on Employment Income in Brazil

2023-07-31T10:56:44-05:00

Introduction

Depressive disorder is prevalent worldwide, with a particularly high impact in Brazil, where it mainly affects women. While most research on depression focuses on its clinical aspects, there is a scarcity of studies exploring the economic consequences of the disorder.

Objective

This study aims to analyze the effect of depressive disorder on income from work in Brazil in 2008, considering both men and women and how the illness affects them differently.

Methodology

Two dummy endogenous variable models were estimated to assess the impact of depressive disorder on labor income. These models account for the distinct effects of the disorder on men and women, reflecting the varying characteristics of the illness's impacte.

Results

The findings indicate that depressive disorder reduces labor income by approximately 32.6% for women and 29.8% for men. This decrease in revenue is attributed to a reduction in individual productivity. Additionally, the illness can reduce labor supply, with some individuals leaving the labor market entirely.

Conclusions

The results highlight the significant economic impact of depressive disorder on labor income in Brazil. The findings suggest the need to incorporate mental health care into primary care public policies to mitigate the financial consequences of the illness

Overeducation in University Graduates for STEM Careers in Peru

2023-10-11T14:19:46-05:00

Introduction

The relationship between investment in education for STEM fields and salary returns often lacks alignment, necessitating an in-depth examination of the characteristics and effects of the mismatch between these two variables.

Objective

This study aims to identify the factors underlying the education-employment mismatch among university graduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines, as well as to evaluate its impact on wage outcomes.

Methodology

Data were sourced from the 2014 National Survey of University Graduates and Universities in Peru. The mismatch was assessed using a self-evaluation method. A Partial Generalized Ordinal Logit Model was employed to analyze the determinants of both mild and severe levels of mismatch, with a particular focus on the latter. Additionally, wage penalties associated with the mismatch were estimated using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique.

Results

The findings indicate that 69% of STEM graduates in Peru experience employment mismatch, a proportion that is among the highest in Latin America and significantly exceeds the rates observed in developed countries.

Conclusions

The primary factors contributing to severe levels of mismatch include individual characteristics of graduates, their geographic and socio-educational backgrounds, and their academic trajectories. The wage penalty associated with mismatch among STEM graduates was estimated at approximately 24% compared to adequately employed peers, surpassing penalty rates reported in Europe, Asia, and North America